Method and apparatus for the production and utilization of electric currents



P. C. HEWITT.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CUBRENTS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 18. 1915 1,4g,931 u Patented Jan. W, T922 17 SHEETS-SHEET l.

IIIJ/EIVTOR WITNESSES N [III P. C. HEWITT. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS. APPLICATION FILED MAR. 18, I915. Lg gl m Patented. Jan. 10, 1922 I7 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

I WWQSWL U/f d4 6% WM P. C. HEWITT.

ODUQTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS. APPLICATION FILED MAR. 18. 1.9m

EAUQDQSL Patented Jan. 1922.

l1 SHEETS-SH 3- METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PR III/WEN TOR A 7TORIVE P. C. HEWITT. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. I8. I915 Patented Jan. III), 1922..

P. C. HEWITT.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS. APPLICATION FILED MAR. 18, 1915 LATUQQS} Patented Jan. 10, 11922,

17 SHEETS-SHEET 5.

ZERO

ZERO

ZERO

ZERO

ZERO

A NORA/5Y8 ZERO P. C. HEWITT. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS. APPLICATION FILED MATT. I8. I915 L4I@2,931 Patented Jan. 10, 1922p.

17 SHEEIS-SHEE 6.

ZERO

ZERO

ZERO

WITNESSES P. C. HEWITT.

onucnow AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

APPLICATION FILED MARJB. l9l5 EAUQESII w METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PR Patented Jan. 10, 1922,

AITOR P. C. HEWITT. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. I8, I9I5 L 1 402 31 a Patented Jan. II), 1922.,

IT SHEETSSHEET 8.

P. C. HEWITT. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILTZATION 0F ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

. 2 2 9 1 9 0 1 n a J m t m a D1 5 M RN R A M D E L H N 0 H A C U D| 17 SHEETS-SHEET 9- A TTORA/ET WITNESSES P. C. HEWITT. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. I8, 1915 Patented Jan. 10

17 $HEETSSHEET I0.

WITNESSES P. C HEWITT. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. I8. 1915 Patented Jan. 10, 1922-,

I-I SHEETS-SHEET II.

N 8 w w W A TTOR/VE P. C. HEWITT. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. I8. 1915 1,402,931 0 Patented Jan. 10, 1922 I] SHEEISSHEET l2- P. C. HEWITT. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

APPLICATION FILED IIIAR. I8 I915 Patented Jan. 10, 1922.

I7 SHEETS-SHEET I3.

P. C. HEWITT. FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURBENTS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 13, 1915 1 492,931, Patented Jan. 10, 1922.,

17 SHEEIS-SHEE! 14.

METHOD AND APPARATUS METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PR .HBHINSIDE DIAMETER P. C. HEWITT.

ODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS. APPLICATION FILED MAR. I8. m5

Patented Jan. 10, 1922 ,O40 LATINUM WIRE P. C. HEWITT.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS. APPLICATION FILED MAR. 18. 19154 1,40%, 93 1, Patented Jan. m, 1922.

H SHEETS-SHEET 16.

ll 72199715501? flaw 62-11;! NW A P. C. HEWITT.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 13. 1915. q g gg m Patented Jan. 10, 1922.,

17 SHEEIS-SHEEI' I7.

AIRBL ST WWW.

PETER COOPER HEWITT, 0F BING'WOOD MANOR. NEW JERSEY.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION: AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed March 18, 1915. Serial No. 15,267.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that 1, PETER Coornn HEW- rrr, a citizen of the United States, and resident of Ringwood Manor, county of Passaic, State of New Jersey, have invented certain new and-useful Improvements in Methods and-Apparatus for the Production and Utilizationof Electric Currents, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates-to the production of electric pulses of definite time period and the generation therefrom of alternating currents of practically any definite time period. the intermittent generation or reenforcement of the alternating currents at definite time intervals as desired, control of the time period of the pulse and also of the variations of the fundamental time period of the alternating current generated. a

The invention comprises a unidirectional, intermittent gas or vapor vacuum device for producing periodic impulses from a continuous direct current wherein control is obtained by forced variations of the characteristics of the path between the electrodes, hereafter called electric pulsator.

The invention comprises an organization and electric circuits for operating the pulsator, for controlling the pulse and its time period, for controlling the alternating currents and controlling their frequency.

The invention comprises generating alternating currents from electric pulses, establishing the time of each with respect to the other as well as the time duration of the pulse, varying the pulse frequency and utilizing the direct results of the change and also establishing a regular continuity of operation, deranging the continuity of operation and utilizing the energy effects of such change and also the reactionsdue to change of time period of the pulse between it and the alternating current already generated.

The invention also comprises varying the frequency of the alternating current and causing variations in the time period of the pulse.

The invention comprises feeding an alternating current circuit by means of a unidirectional circuit and controlling both circuits by the feed circuit.

The invention comprises utilizing the existence of the fact that there may be one or more resonant frequences of different value and different resonant characteristics between two circuits, consisting of fixed capacity for varying the time period of one ciruut by the other and also for varying the power radiated from one circuit. One way of doing this is by inductance and resistance and by the intermittent supply of energy from one circuit to the other and varying the time of supply whereby the resonant frequency characteristics of one circuit are modified by the other and the frequency is caused to change and, when desired, to change definitely, and also in causing two interacting circuits. of different fixed time to function in the same time period during the time of passage of current in both circuits and vary this time period by the time of lntermittent supply of energy to one circuit and also by the time duration of such supply (pulse), and in controlling the time perlod of intermittent supply of energy. The invention includes controlling the pulse by the pulsator.

The invention also comprises control of the time frequency of the discharge by means of the device and the time of duration of the discharge by the circuit.

The invention also comprises control of the voltage of operation of the device by means of control of the device modified by thegeometrical characteristics of a specific device.

The invention also comprises means for operating agas or vapor device at one or more thousands volts Without relying on the voltage reactions of the negative electrode.

My invention consists not only in providing means whereby the pulsator may be controlled by means of alternating currents generated, but broadly defines how intermittent energy supply may be controlled, namely by establishing control of the means causing the intermittence of supply from the source, and in generating alternating currents from the intermittent currents and in controlling the supply by means of alternating currents affecting the time of ,intermittence and also causing variation of the system by auxiliary means.

My invention is useful in the arts for creating alternating currents of definite frequency and of any frequency from direct currents for power or other purposes and for varying the frequency of the alternating currents generated, also for creatlng alternating currents from alternating currents,

for relaying, repeating, boosting, multiplying, increasing and diminishing alternating current waves of large energy as well as telephone currents; in fact for innumerable purposes and for producing alternating currents for wireless telephony and telegraphy transmission, such as continuous alternatmg currents and trains of alternating currents above and below audible frequencies, and particularly in connection with power transmission, for creating alternating currents from direct'current and varying the frequency.

\Vhen the pulsator is supplying energy to a circuit, the circuit may be made to control the time period of the pulse and cause it to be synchronous with it. This may be accomplished by connecting one side of the circuit through a small condenser to the upper section of the pulsator. ThlS 1s useful for circuits of varying frequency and particularly in connection with an osc llatory circuit of fixed time period. In the same manner, an auxiliary circuit may be used for the purpose of controlling the time of the pulse.

The apparatus consists of an extremely sensitive organization which is capable of being controlled in a multiplicity of ways and particularly by the association of capacity with various parts, by the influence of small currents and by magnetic action of small magnitude.

The invention is here explained by describing a form of device and an organization and electrical connections for operation and certain results of operation by illustrative diagrams, thereafter reciting some of the many modifications of the device and organizations by which the invention may be practiced and various means of control.

In the accompanying drawings Figure 1 is a diagram showing a general organization of elements and apparatus for embodying and carrying out my invention, a vacuum, gas or vapor device being shown, having control tubes forming a part of the wall of said device, said control tubes being connected to the mains through current limit ing devices, in this instance, resistances; Figures 1, 1 and 1 show various ways in which a condenser or condensers may be connected in the control circuits to modify or limit the current flow therein; Figures 1", 1

and 1' show the use of one or more condensers in the control circuits of Figure 1 for adjusting the current flow therein; Figures 2 to 5, inclusive, show the cycle of voltage and current changes in each part of the discharge and resonant circuits for various settings of the apparatus; Figure 6 shows an alternative arrangement of control circuits of Figure 1, bands or coating of conducting material and variable condensers taking the piece of the control tubes and resistances of Figure 1.; Figures 7 and 7 are modified constructions cf control terminals wherein one static band connected to the positive or the negative is used to modify the action of the apparatus; F igures 8, 9, 10, 11, 12: 13, 13, 13 and 13 show modified constructions of the control terminals 8 and 9, the terminals being located inside the vacuum, gas or vapor tube; Figure 14 shows an alternative form of vacuum, gas or vapor tube having a positive terminal formed of mercury and an arrangement for nsuring a sufiicient supply of the conductlng material; Figure 15 shows the posit1ve end of the evacuated tube provided with a shield surrounding the positive electrode to catch projected matter from said electrode during operation; Figure 16 shows a shield 1n prox1mity to the Wall between the control tubes 8 and 9 for insuring proper insulation therebetween; Figures 17, 17 and 18 are modified forms of control tubes adapted to protect the glass wall of the container from heating efi'ects; Figure 18 showing an arrangement for applying a circulating cooling medium to-the control tube; Figure 19 shows a special form of projection for the negative electrode, Figures 19 and 19 being an enlarged cross section and a vertical section, respectively, of the same; F igure 20 shows an alternative embodiment of a negative electrode projection; and Figure 20 is a plan view thereof; Figures 21 and 21 show a plan and sectional elevation of a posltlve electrode formed of tungsten in the form of a cylinder; Figure 22 shows a pulsator controlled by magnetic action; Figure 23 isxa dimension drawing of one form of pulsator; Figure 24 illustrates the construct1on at the negative end of the pulsator when a solid cathode, such as tungsten, is used; lgure 25 shows an arrangement for impressing on the control terminals of Figure 6 variations from an independent source, such as a microphone; Figures 26 and 27 are alternative forms of aerial, includlng a microphone and a condenser, the microphone and condenser varying the characteristics of the aerial; Figures 28, 29, 30 and 31 show alternative embodiments of the arrangement of Figure 1 showing de vices for impressing electrical variations on the vacuum, gas or vapor tube; Figure 32 shows an arrangement of apparatus for controlhng the tube by the use of one control tube; Figure 33 shows an arrangement for controlling the vacuum tube by the use of one band or coating of conducting material; F1gures 34.- and 35 show alternative arrangements for lcontrolling the vacuum tube by the use of one control band and one control ment for the vacuum tubes; and Figure 37 shows diagrammatically a cooling arrangement for the vacuum tube.

The device consists of an exhausted vacuum gas or vapor tube, here called the pulsator, 1, consisting of a positive electrode, 2, in a glass chamber connected to another glass chamber containing a negative electrode, 3, consisting of a mercury negative and keep-alive positive, 4, in operative relation thereto having inductance, 5, resistance, 6, a direct current source of current, 7, (here shown as a storage battery) with suitable connections to form the circuit. These two chambers are connected by means of two connecting tubes of platinum, 8, and, 9, insulated from each other by a glass bulb, 10.

The pulsator 1 is connected by means of its electrodes 2 and 3 across a direct current source, 11, having inductance, 12, and, 13, in the respective leads. A resistance, 14, and a capacity, 15, connected across the line may be used for safety and convenience of operation but they are not necessary.

There is connected in shunt around the tube a circuithaving capacity and inductance, such circuit extending from the positive electrode terminal 2 to a capacity, 16, an inductance, 17, a second capacity, 18, to the negative electrode terminal 3.

The inductance 17 is in inductive relation to the coil, 19, formingpart of a resonant circuit here shown as an aerial 20, connected to the ground at 21. A work circuit of different characteristics may be substituted for the aerial. The coils 17 and 19 may be capable of being tuned, shortened or lengthened, and moved nearer or further apart to vary their mutual influence, or may be fixed when designed for a definite purpose. In case a resonant or forced work circuit be used the capacity 16 may be variable.

There is extended from the positive electrode connection a connection, 22, to the tube 8 through a variable resistance, 23, and also a similar connection, 24, through a variable resistance, 25, to the tube 9. The variable resistance 23 and the variable resistance 25 may be replaced by condensers 30 and 30" (Figures 1 1 and 1). The tubes 8 and 9 when desired, are connected through the manipulation of switches 68 and 69 by means of the secondary, 26, of an induction coil, the primary, 27, being connected with and forming part of a circuit containing a source of variation, 28, here shown as a microphone, and a source of direct current, 29, in the circuit here shown as a battery. This circuit serves to cause electrical variation to be impressed on the tubes 8 and 9 by means of the secondary 26. This circuit is omitted when not desired by having switches 68 and 69.0pen, although inductance 26 is often useful in the operation of the device even if not used as a means of varying the operation in which case switches 72 and 73 are opened and switches 68 and 69 are closed, and a condenser, 30, if desired, is connected in the circuit by further movement of switch 68.

To operate the pulsator, the negatii e electrode circuit is first started (with two or three amperes or more flowing). This can be done by shaking the pulsator. The main current from the generator is then turned on by closing the switches, 31, and 32. The pulsator is set in operation. The pulsator should start, but if it does not start of itself the resistances 23 or 25 should be adjustei or a high potential impulse obtained by short-,circuiting the tube through a switch, 74;, and quickly opening the switch, see Figure 36, may be used for starting as shown in United States Patent 1,110,543 in certain service.

Its operation is as follows z-Current flows through the inductances 12 and 13 into condensers 16 or 18, at the same time impressing an electromotive force on the tubes 8 and 9, the current flow bein limited by the resistances 23 and 25 as wel as by the electrode resistance at the interior of the tubes as well as b the vapor forming part of these circuits. 'I he potential at the main electrodes having risen to a certain value, the current starts through the pulsator and the condensers 16 and 18 discharge, the rate of discharge being modified by the characteristics ofthe circuit; that is, the condenser circuit 2, 16, 17, 18, 3, is completed through the tube, and the discharge passes from 2 through the tube 8, bulb 10, tube 9 to electrode 3. The energy of the circuit passes over to the resonant circuit by means of the coils l7 and 19 b reason of their field and magnetic interlinl age.

As the current does not pass through the pulsator in the reverse direction, the resonant circuit cannot return the energy it has received back through the pulsator. The rapid re-establishment of the high starting resistance of the path betweenthe main electrodes is brought about by the charge impressed thereon through the control circuits terminating in terminals 8 and 9 and thus prevents a discharge of the condensers 16 and 18 until a high voltage is reached. Any variation impressed on the terminals 8 and 9 will vary the voltage at which current will start between the main electrodes. The inductances 12 and 13 prevent a short circuit of the main current through the pulsator at the moment of the discharge of the condenser circuit, tending to maintain the main current constant although they may permit some variation.

he condenser circuit, having discharged in one direction to its limit, and the current through the pulsator having ceased, the con- 

